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Potential CSA models
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Intercropped with legumes
Ngày đăng: 14/05/2017Lượt xem: 1457Intercropping was traditionally used by the northern mountainous farmers for the purpose of harvesting both crops, intercropping (usually beans, cucurbits) and major crops (maize, rice, cassava) . Less commonly, farmers also plant annual crops (rice, maize, beans, cassava etc) with perennial crops (mainly fruit and tea). Today, due to the increase of intensive cultivation and mechanized, intercropping is rare and rarely appliedTargeted to: (i) produce biomass for land cover material, protect soil from erosion, (ii) enrich nutrients and improve soil by legume nitrogen fixing, and (iii) generate more income for farmers. Over the past few years, intercropping techniques have been improved and expanded application in the northern mountainous region (Pham Thi Son et al., 2015). Different types of beans (black beans, green beans, vigna umbellata, soy beans, peanuts) or other annual crops are recommended for intercropping with maize, upland rice, cassava, fruit trees, coffee or tea. The density of main crops is usually the same as when there is no intercropping, in order to ensure that income from main crops is not reduced. Plant density should be thick enough to form a "living layer".
Key benefits / impacts:
According to the research results (Le Quoc Doanh et al., 2005, Oleg Nicetic et al., 2011, Pham Thi Sang et al., 2015), the following are the main benefits of using intercropping techniques:
- Increase the amount of biomass that covers the soil, reduce soil erosion and wash out fertilizer and organic substance from the soil, thus contributing to reducing GHG emissions;
- Step by step to improve the soil structure and fertility (thanks to plant cover biomass and nitrogen fixation by intercropped with legumes), which helps plants grow well, better tolerance to weather changes;
- Increase income and economic profit for households by generating more incomes from intercropped crops and increasing productivity of major crops, gradually reducing the demand for fertilizers. The northern mountainous area has been widely used by farmers for the purpose of harvesting both intercropped crops (mainly legumes and cucurbits) and major crops (maize, cassava and upland rice). Less common is the intercropping of short-term crops (upland rice, cassava, maize, legumes) with long-term crops (fruit trees or tea). In Son La, some farmers intercrop corn with mango or plum, while in Dien Bien, beans and corn are intercropped with coffee or tea. Today, due to the application of intensive cultivation and mechanization in production, the application of intercropping has become very limited.
A number of projects have invested design, demonstration research and promotion of intercropping technical application. For example, the Northwest Project, a collaboration between ACIAR-NOMAFSI (2009- 2013), has experimented and recommended to adjust the distance between maize rows and the different density of legumes intercropped with maize (Fig. 5), with the aim to maintain the density and yield of maize (the main crop) while still generating income from intercropping.
Some legumes, such as black beans, green beans, and vigna umbellata were tested and recommended to farmers for intercropping with maize. The planting time of intercropped plants was also tested and recommended: at the same time as planting corn, or maybe
intercropping a month after planting corn, or one month before corn harvest, it depends on the characteristics of intercropping and the main purpose of intercropping (to harvest intercropped crops or mainly for soil improvement).When the main objective is to rehabilitate the soil (for poor soils and low fertility), the density of intercropping is thicker and it is necessary to use intercropping varieties that are capable of large biomass and / or better nitrogen fixation.Figure 1. Intercropping legumes with maize when the maize densities are adjustedImproved techniques for intercropping of short-term crops with cassava, tea and coffee have also been developed and disseminated by the Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute to farmers, including:
- Peanut intercropped with cassava: Grow peanuts and cassava at the same time (Spring crop). The cassava density was kept the same as when planting cassava (each row is 1m apart and each tree is 1m apart). Two rows of peanuts are planted in the middle of each cassava row, each peanut has two peanut pods, the distance between the pea pods is 15-20 cm (in practice peasants can cultivate peanut with different densities).
- Vigna umbellata intercropped with cassava: Cassava is planted as if it were planted with cassava, vigna umbellata is sown after, when there is certainly enough rain to allow the bean to germinate and grow well. Sowing vigna umbellata into a row between two rows of cassava, in the small cavity, the gap between the holes from 30 to 40 cm. Planting 2-3 seeds / hollows (the farmers can use different density and time of vigna umbellata sowing).
- Legumes, maize, upland rice intercropped with long-term trees (fruit trees, tea and coffee): No change in density of long-day plants, intercropping was planted in the rainy season during the early years (at the stage of basic construction) when the main crop is small, in the middle of the rows of the main crop.
A number of government programs and projects guided farmers on intercropping techniques and provided some necessary support for farmers to apply this technique. A list of localities recorded using intercropping techniques is shown in Table 1.
The main barriers to the extension of intercropping practice:
- More labor required than conventional farming (labor needed for plantation and
- When intercropping, plant protection is more difficult and complicated, especially for intercropping. Poor pest management often results in crop losses, and can also increase pests and diseases to major crops;
- Lack of suitable cultivars for intercropping (for intercropping on northern mountain slopes often requires good drought tolerance);
- The market for products from intercropping has not yet developed, farmers find it difficult to sell products from intercropping.
Table 1: Intercropping practice applied in some localitiesLocation Applicant Year (*) Area (ha) Type of plants Dien Bien province 1 Tua Chua District Household 2005 50 Peas intercropped with maize on sloping land 2 Tuan Giao district Household 2005 50 Peas intercropped maize or cassava on sloping land 3 Muong Ang district Household 2005 20 Peas intercropped maize or coffee on sloping land 4 Dien Bien city Household 2000 50 Peas intercropped with maize on the ground Ongoing activities (ICRAF project)
5Tua Chua and Tuan Giao district 9 Household 2011-2016 4 Peas intercropped with tea on sloping land; corn, soy beans intercropped with fruit trees on sloping land Son La province 1 Phu Yen district Household 2006 120 Peanuts intercropped with cassava on sloping land 2 Mai Son district Household 2006 100 Peanuts intercropped with cassava on sloping land 3 Sop Cop District Household 2008 50 Peanuts intercropped with cassava on sloping land
4Moc Chau District Household 2000 100 Maize, edible canna intercropped with plums (in gardens and on sloping land); Beans intercropped with cassava or tea on sloping land;
Fruit trees intercropped with coffee..5 Yen Chau district Household 2000 100 Corn intercropped mango (in garden and on sloping land). Ongoing activities (local project, CIRAD-NOMAFSI project, ACIAR-NOMAFSI project and ICRAF project). 6 Mai Son district (Chieng Ban commune) NOMAFSI 2010-2013 1.5 Beans intercropped with corn, coffee and tea on the ground and sloping land 7 Mai Son district (Co Noi commune) 2 Household 2013 0.5
8Moc Chau district (Muong Sang commune, Phung Luong commune) 3 Household 2010-2013 0.5 Beans intercropped maize on the ground and sloping land
9Yen Chau district (Chieng Dong commune) 5 Household 2011-2013 1 Beans intercropped maize on sloping land 10 Mai Son district (ICRAF project) 6 Household 2011 - 2016 Corn, beans intercropped with fruit trees Yen Bai province
1Van Yen district (communes of Dong Cuong, Bao Dap, Na Hau) Household 2004 200 Peas intercropped with cassava on sloping land 2 Luc Yen district Household 2006 100 Peas intercropped with cassava on sloping land
3Van Chan district (Son Thinh, Suoi Bu, Suoi Giang communes) Household 2006 50 Peas intercropped with cassava on sloping land 4 Van Yen district Household 2003 50 Peas intercropped with cassava on sloping land 5 Van Chan district Household 2000 50 Peas intercropped with cassava on sloping land Ongoing ctivities (CIRAD-NOMAFSI project and ICRAF project)
6Van Chan district (Suoi Giang commune CIRAD-NOMAFSI project) 12 Household 2011-2013 1.5 Peas intercropped maize on sloping land 7 Van Chan district (ICRAF project) 3 Household 2011 - 2016 Corn, grass intercropped with fruit trees on sloping land (*) The area is listed at the year in the table. However, at the present time the area and application situation may be different.Figure 2: Top row: peanut (left) and vigna umbellata (right) intercropped with cassavaBottom line: Soy beans intercropped with maize in single row (left) and double row (right)
Source: nomafsi.com.vnCây dữ liệu:Dữ liệu liên quan:- Agroforestry and the development of integrated production systems
- Growing corn
- Cover the ground and minium soil preparation
- Fish culture in rice fields (rice-fish)
- Growing grass for livestock development and management of soil erosion
- Make Terraced to grow trees
- Agro-forestry (intercropping of agricultural crops with forest trees)
- CSA (Climate Smart Agriculture) project: Capturing synergies between mitigation, adaptation, and food security
- CSA project in Vietnam: Capturing the synergies between mitigation, adaptation and food security (GCP/INT/139/EC)
- Science and technology program for sustainable development of the North West region: Achievements and cooperation orientations
- Aus4Equality Program
- Liên kết website
- Thăm dò ý kiến
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Tổng số:209 phiếu
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Phong phú, đa dạng | 60,3 60,3% |
126 phiếu | |
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7 phiếu | |
Cần bổ sung thêm | 36,4 36,4% |
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